The L2 acquisition of Spanish non-nominative subjects by adult L1 English speakers
Aquisiçao das consoantes róticas no português brasileiro e no espanhol: um estudo comparativo
This Doctoral Dissertation describes the L1 acquisition of rhotic consonants in Portuguese and Spanish, in all syllable positions that may be occupied by these segments in both languages, that is, word-initial and wordmedial single onsets (strong-r), single and complex onsets and word-medial and final codas (weak-r). The data, which belong to the AQUIFONO and CHILDES databases, were produced by normally developed monolingual children, ranging from 2:0 to 4:2 years old. Given the fact that the current literature has not yet reached a definite conclusion concerning the phonological status of rhotics, this study aims to discuss the production of the two ‘r’ sounds by focusing on the repair strategies employed by children. Besides, it also aims to determine the linguistic variables and the extralinguistic variable that play a role in acquisition. For the data analysis, we have employed the theories on Syllable and Stress. The data were submitted to analytical treatment under the VARBRUL software package.
The L2 acquisition of agreement: comparing the inter language of Dutch, English, French and Swedish-speaking learners of Spanish
Much of current generative research into non-native language (L2) acquisition of morphosyntax has focused on L 1 transfer and access to Universal Grammar. Subject-Verb agreement has figured more prominently than nominal agreement in this debate, but empirical findings remain inconclusive. For instance, Hawkins & Franceschina (2004) conclude that UG features (e.g. [GENDER]) not realised in the L 1 cannot be acquired, whereas White et al. (2001) argue the opposite.
The present study examines the acquisition of nominal and verbal agreement marking in L2 Spanish through acceptability judgement, comprehension and production tasks carried out amongst adult L2 acquirers matched for at least two levels of proficiency, with L 1s which vary in terms of the realisation of nominal and/or verbal agreement.
I demonstrate that the fact that L2ers can produce or recognise agreeing morphological markers is not sufficient to ascribe to them knowledge of syntactic agreement (and hence of the relevant functional features). The experiments address this issue by examining (non)agreement in non-contiguous ('long' distance) contexts with a complex sentential subject consisting of a head noun and an intervener.
L2ers at lower proficiency level perform significantly better at contexts with matching than opposite gender agreement features, suggesting that they rely more on linear word order and hence general cognitive learning strategies. The most advanced L2ers, however, demonstrate native-like 'long' distance agreement in all contexts, suggesting (hierarchical) structure dependency and hence acquisition that is specific to Language (contra Hawkins & Chan's (1997) Failed Functional Features Hypothesis, but supporting access to UG as defined by Schwartz & Sprouse's (1996) Full Transfer/Full Access Theory).
The data also reveal that not all types of morphosyntactic agre~ment are equally acquirable. For all L2ers regardless of their L 1, nominal and verbal [NUMBER] are less problematic than [PERSON] and [GENDER].
These L2A findings differ from the results of studies into the L 1A of Spanish agreement morphology. L 1 children master gender agreement before they start producing nominal number agreement (Marrero & Aguirre 2003, Hernandez Pina 1984) and produce distinctions between different verbal persons (1 51 and 3rd) before plural verb forms emerge (Bel2002, Grinstead 2000, Lopez Ornat 1997).
The L2ers' L 1 does play a role, however, in the initial stages of L2A, particularly in the field of L2 morphology. Problems with remapping syntactic features onto surface morphology cause difficulties for L2ers whose L1 operates a different morphological system to L2 Spanish. L 1 French speakers, for instance, have fewer problems with the acquisition of separate morphemes for nominal gender and nominal number agreement in L2 Spanish than Dutch and Swedish L2ers whose L 1 uses a portmanteau morpheme to realise both features.
These problems in the field of 'morphological competence' (Lardiere 2005) appear more relevant than issues of syntactic transfer as predicted by Schwartz & Sprouse (1996). Indeed, L 1 English learners of Spanish do not seem to experience more problems building up a morphosyntactic system for nominal agreement from scratch than the Swedish and Dutch L2ers who need to 'remap' (i.e. disentangle and reassemble - Lardiere 2005) syntactic features to agreement morphemes.
The finding that mapping problems between syntactic features and lexical forms prevent some L2ers from producing concording agreement morphology is also confirmed by the discrepancy between L2ers' ability to interpret and judge agreement marking, as reflected in the acceptability judgement and comprehension tasks, and the L2ers' more limited ability to produce agreement marking. Moreover, the least marked features often act as defaults, as demonstrated by the overgeneralization of [+MASC], [+3P] and [+SG] markings
Sociocultural connections, language learning anxiety, and communities of practice: insights and perceptions of the adult online Spanish learner
This dissertation investigated the perceptions and experiences of online adult language learners in higher education. This was a qualitative study of thirteen women enrolled in online Spanish courses at two south-central Texas institutions of higher education. Three findings emerged.
Given the participants’ awareness of the social nature of language and their collective appreciation that language must be practiced orally to be acquired, they took responsibility for their learning by creating their own communities of practice with native Spanish speakers at work and at home. They bore the primary responsibility for their learning and shaped their acquisition contexts to include Spanish experts from their offline communities. This allowed the students to contextualize and personalize their new language knowledge and embody multiple learning roles.
Language learning anxiety for these students was not located in the actual online learning tasks, but instead centered on socioculturally constructed understandings about language and their own personal and cultural connections to Spanish. The participants’ revealed the importance they place on demonstrating respect for culture through correct and precise language use. But instead of resulting in a barrier to their learning, the anxiety they experienced may have acted as an impetus in their continued Spanish study.
Their insights into the sociocultural influences on language in formal and informal acquisition practices deepen our current understanding of foreign language affect and language learning anxiety.
Finally, an in-depth analysis was done on the subgroup of participants identified as heritage language learners. Their belief in the cultural metanarrative of the “proper Tejana” led this group of south-central Texas women to reject the Texas-Spanish dialect, Tex-Mex. The need to acquire proper Spanish and to live linguistically and culturally in two distinct worlds of English and Spanish significantly affected their acquisition processes.
The findings offer insights into Spanish learners’ perceptions of online language learning, their affective experiences learning Spanish as an adult, and the sociocultural connections they make to the Spanish language. The implications for future pedagogical design, online and off, are presented.
El desarrollo de la competencia estratégica en el aula de lengua extranjera. Un modelo de entrenamiento de estrategias de comprensión auditiva en español
La competencia conversacional de estudiantes de español como lengua extranjera. Análisis y propuesta didáctica
Nuestro estudio ha demostrado que la capacidad de tomar parte en una conversación en los aprendientes de español no se adquiere simplemente a través del contacto con HN ni se transfiere de forma automática desde la lengua materna. La competencia conversacional, por tanto, requiere un tratamiento específico en el aula de ELE.
Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, se pueden proponer varias líneas de investigación, que a su vez se desprenden de las limitaciones a las que nuestro estudio está sujeto. Una de las primeras limitaciones que se pueden considerar al interpretar nuestros resultados está relacionada con el hecho de que, entre los participantes, no nos fue posible controlar la variable de la estancia en un país de habla hispana y, por lo tanto, no pudimos comparar, dentro del mismo nivel, las diferencias entre conversaciones mantenidas exclusivamente por hablantes con experiencia en el extranjero y conversaciones mantenidas por participantes que carecieran de esta experiencia, ni averiguar, de manera consistente, en qué grado la competencia conversacional puede ser adquirida en el aula y hasta qué punto mejora gracias al contacto constante con la lengua meta. Una segunda limitación concierne a la personalidad de los participantes. Si bien los conocíamos personalmente a todos y podíamos esperar de ellos, en base a su comportamiento en clase, una buena predisposición a participar en una conversación, hubiera sido muy oportuno examinar el comportamiento de los participantes en conversaciones en su lengua materna para poder delimitar hasta qué punto los resultados aquí obtenidos se refieren verdaderamente a la competencia conversacional en español y no a la personalidad de los participantes. Por otro lado, las posibles relaciones de simpatía o antipatía entre los interlocutores han podido influir también a la hora de mostrarse más o menos cooperativos. Además, y dado que la competencia conversacional no es un componente individual, sino co-construido entre todos los participantes, ignoramos en qué medida el denominado “efecto del interlocutor” (Nunan 1991: 47) ha influido en el comportamiento conversacional de los participantes. En este sentido, hubiera sido conveniente modificar varias veces la composición de las conversaciones de manera que un mismo participante tuviera la oportunidad de conversar con interlocutores distintos.
La tercera limitación se refiere al hecho de que no contábamos con suficientes datos comparativos. Las afirmaciones que hemos realizado acerca de la presencia o ausencia de un determinado marcador lingüístico o de la manera de desplegar cierto comportamiento conversacional se han basado en las comparaciones que hemos podido establecer con respecto a investigaciones previas, tanto en alemán como en español como primeras lenguas. Los trabajos de referencia disponibles han sido, por un lado, escasos: en lo que al manejo de la agenda temática se refiere no contamos, por ejemplo, con ninguna investigación realizada en español; por otro lado, fueron realizados necesariamente bajo unas condiciones de elicitación muy distintas, algo que sin duda afecta a todos y cada uno de los parámetros aquí analizados y que nos ha impedido llegar a resultados más concluyentes. De esta manera y debido a estas limitaciones, se revela necesario, por un lado, contar en futuras investigaciones con un número más amplio de conversaciones para poder controlar la influencia de la variable ‘estancia en el extranjero’ y el ‘factor del interlocutor’; por otro, necesitamos obtener datos de dos grupos de control, el de hablantes de español y el de hablantes de alemán, elicitados de manera similar, de forma que sea posible una comparación de resultados más exacta y precisa. Sería, además, interesante poder extender el análisis aquí realizado a a) otros recursos interactivos propios de la conversación y no tratados en el presente trabajo, como son los turnos de apoyo o señales de escucha activa y las secuencias de negociación del significado, b) los aspectos de la macroestructura, como son las fases y los géneros conversacionales, y c) los hablantes de otras lenguas maternas. Por otro lado, una extensión lógica de los trabajos de análisis sería la realización de estudios experimentales en los que se pudiese comprobar en qué medida es efectiva la enseñanza de los fenómenos conversacionales según el enfoque directo. Si bien ya existe cierta evidencia positiva al respecto, es muy escasa la relativa a los fenómenos conversacionales como el manejo de la alternancia de turnos y de la agenda temática. Por último y no menos importante, se hace muy necesario el diseño de propuestas didácticas para la clase de conversación que apliquen los hallazgos y resultados provenientes de la investigación experimental y que incluyan además materiales auténticos para la observación de los fenómenos conversacionales más problemáticos. A la vista de lo expuesto hasta aquí, podemos decir que hemos cumplido los objetivos iniciales: caracterizar la conversación en ELE, definir las áreas de la competencia conversacional que resultan más problemáticas para los HNN y diseñar una intervención didáctica adecuada para solventar esas dificultades. A pesar de las limitaciones señaladas, creemos que nuestro trabajo constituye un estudio pionero en la fascinante área de la conversación en ELE. Confiamos, pues, que nuestros resultados sirvan de estímulo y punto de partida para nuevas investigaciones.
La afectividad en la enseñanza de español a inmigrantes en contextos escolares
Las interacciones entre estudiantes en el aula de lenguas y en los entornos pedagógicos multimedia: convergencia, divergencia y potencialidad
Syntactic development of the Spanish subjunctive in second language acquisition : complement selection in nominal clauses
If you ask students taking Spanish as a foreign language which grammar point they find most challenging, many of them will probably say the subjunctive. This may be because the more common use of the subjunctive in English is captured by non-subjunctive structures like infinitival or null CP [+indicative] structures. From a generative perspective, the present study investigates second language (L2) syntactic and semantic development of the Spanish subjunctive at the University level. The results of the study reveal that learners at all levels of instruction continued to transfer first language (L1) syntactic rules of English irrealis to L2 structures during acquisition.
For this study, a total of 160 English-speaking learners studying Spanish as a second language were recruited. Magnitude Estimation (ME) was used to gage learners’ syntactic intuitions about the Spanish subjunctive by requiring them to analyze a series of structures in L2. We found that in their judgment of the sentences, learners transferred the [+ optional] overt CP rule in English to Spanish. In addition to these syntactic analyses, we used a guided production task which measured learners’ semantic performance as well. The data showed that learners were less successful at identifying epistemic modality (+/- reality, existence, etc.) in nominal clauses, as sentences using deontic modality (+/- obligation, desire, influence, etc.) received substantially higher scores.
The data were also analyzed in terms of learnability and second language grammatical capabilities as well as in terms of implications for the L2 classroom. The pedagogical implications of this study include the need to capitalize on learners’ ability to access functional categories in nominal clauses and make the [-optional] overt CP rule in Spanish more salient to learners.